The Brahmaputra Landscape extends across the floodplains of Assam to the Eastern Himalayan foothills of Arunachal Pradesh in the north, encompassing major tributaries of the Brahmaputra River. Covering approximately 65,000 square kilometres, it includes forests, grasslands and wetlands, interspersed with human settlements, farmlands and tea plantations. It supports approximately 250 tigers, 2,800 greater one-horned rhinos, 7,500 elephants, 650 Ganges river dolphins, 800 species of birds, and a diverse array of amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates and plants—many of them endemic to the landscape. The Brahmaputra River is the lifeline of this region, sustaining the lives and livelihoods of over 40 million people and nurturing rich biodiversity.

The Brahmaputra Landscape is among India's most climate-vulnerable regions. According to the CEEW Climate Vulnerability Index (2021), 15 of the country’s 25 most climate-vulnerable districts are located in Assam. Almost every year, the region experiences severe flooding, resulting in significant loss of human life and wildlife, and widespread disruption to livelihoods.

The landscape is increasingly threatened by deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and degradation caused by human-driven pressures. These impacts have further complicated species recovery, movement and human–wildlife interactions. Despite notable conservation successes—such as the recovery of rhino and tiger populations and the identification of elephant corridors—major challenges persist for the dispersal and regional migration of wide-ranging species, including tigers, elephants and rhinos.

Rapid loss of forest cover has driven wildlife to seek refuge and food in tea plantations and agricultural fields, intensifying negative human-wildlife interactions and elevating the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.